Vitamin Deficiency Anemias

Anemia may develop not only due to iron deficiency but also as a result of deficiencies in certain vitamins. The most common forms are vitamin B12 deficiency anemia and folate (vitamin B9) deficiency anemia. These vitamins are essential for the proper formation of red blood cells and for transporting oxygen throughout the body. 

In children, vitamin deficiency anemia may be caused by inadequate nutrition (e.g., vegetarian diets without supplementation, monotonous diets), poor absorption of vitamins from food (intestinal disorders), low prenatal reserves, or increased nutritional demands during periods of rapid growth.

Clinical manifestations of vitamin deficiency anemia may include general weakness, fatigue, pallor, constipation or diarrhea, cold intolerance, redness and soreness of the tongue, a “glossy” or “beefy” tongue appearance, reduced performance, as well as neurological symptoms in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency — such as mild tremors, numbness in the fingers, and memory impairment.

Diagnosis is based on a detailed medical history, complete blood count, and measurement of serum vitamin B12 and folate levels.

Prevention of the disease involves maintaining a diet rich in meat, dairy products, leafy green vegetables (spinach, broccoli), legumes (lentils, beans), fruits, and nuts. Treatment consists of vitamin supplementation prescribed by a physician until the body’s reserves are fully replenished.