Head and Neck Malignancies

Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that originate from the epithelial cells of the mucous membranes. If the cancer remains within the superficial layers of the skin, it is referred to as carcinoma in situ. When it invades deeper tissues, it becomes invasive cancer.

Common types include cancers of the larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, and salivary glands.

Main symptoms that require consultation with a specialist:

• Swelling or pain in the head or neck area
• A lump that is tender or painless on palpation
• Persistent sore throat
• Unpleasant odor from the mouth
• Voice changes or hoarseness
• Nasal obstruction or nosebleeds
• Difficulty breathing
• Double vision
• Numbness or weakness in the facial area
• Pain in the ear or jaw
• Blood in saliva
• Loosening or loss of teeth without an apparent cause
• General fatigue or weight loss

Diagnosis

Early detection of cancer significantly increases the effectiveness of treatment. Diagnosis of head and neck cancer involves a comprehensive evaluation that includes physical examination, endoscopy (internal inspection using a specialized tube), biopsy, ultrasound examination (US), X-ray/contrast X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). These methods help to accurately determine the location, size, and extent of the tumor.

Treatment

The treatment plan is developed by a multidisciplinary team including an oncologist, radiologist, surgeon, maxillofacial surgeon, otorhinolaryngologist, dentist, psychologist, and other specialists.

The primary treatment methods include surgical intervention, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy (in select cases). In the early stages, surgery or radiation therapy is usually performed. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be used both before and after surgery to control the disease and relieve symptoms.