Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is a type of cancer that most often affects the bones. It develops when healthy bone cells begin to multiply uncontrollably. The bones of the legs, arms, and pelvis are most commonly involved, though in some cases, soft tissues may also be affected.

The extent of the disease has a major impact on prognosis, and two main forms are distinguished: localized and metastatic.

In localized Ewing sarcoma, the cancer is confined to the bone or soft tissue where it originated, and may also extend to nearby tissues, including regional lymph nodes.

In metastatic Ewing sarcoma, the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, most often the lungs, other bones, and bone marrow.

Typical clinical signs of Ewing sarcoma include: pain and swelling at the tumor site, a palpable mass with localized warmth over the bone, unexplained fever, and unexplained bone fractures.

Diagnostic evaluation includes imaging studies (X-ray, computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], positron emission tomography combined with CT [PET/CT]) and biopsy of the lesion for morphological examination.

Treatment typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.